Welcome to the "Introduction" tutorial of the "From Zero to Hero" series. We will start our journey by taking a quick look at the Avalanche main modules to understand its general architecture.

As hinted in the getting started introduction Avalanche is organized in five main modules:

• Benchmarks: This module maintains a uniform API for data handling: mostly generating a stream of data from one or more datasets. It contains all the major CL benchmarks (similar to what has been done for torchvision).

• Training: This module provides all the necessary utilities concerning model training. This includes simple and efficient ways of implement new continual learning strategies as well as a set pre-implemented CL baselines and state-of-the-art algorithms you will be able to use for comparison!

• Evaluation: This module provides all the utilities and metrics that can help evaluate a CL algorithm with respect to all the factors we believe to be important for a continually learning system. It also includes advanced logging and plotting features, including native Tensorboard support.

• Models: In this module you'll find several model architectures and pre-trained models that can be used for your continual learning experiment (similar to what has been done in torchvision.models). Furthermore, we provide everything you need to implement architectural strategies, task-aware models, and dynamic model expansion.

• Logging: It includes advanced logging and plotting features, including native stdout, file and Tensorboard support (How cool it is to have a complete, interactive dashboard, tracking your experiment metrics in real-time with a single line of code?)

Avalanche
├── Benchmarks
│   ├── Classic
│   ├── Datasets
│   ├── Generators
│   ├── Scenarios
│   └── Utils
├── Evaluation
│   ├── Metrics
│   ├── Tensorboard
|   └── Utils
├── Training
│   ├── Strategies
│   ├── Plugins
|   └── Utils
├── Models
└── Loggers

In this series of tutorials, you'll get the chance to learn in-depth all the features offered by each module and sub-module of Avalanche, how to put them together and how to master Avalanche, for a stress-free continual learning prototyping experience!

🤝 Run it on Google Colab

Avalanche was born within ContinualAI with a clear goal in mind:

Pushing Continual Learning to the next level, providing a shared and collaborative library for fast prototyping, training and reproducible evaluation of continual learning algorithms.

As a powerful avalanche, a Continual Learning agent incrementally improves its knowledge and skills over time, building upon the previously acquired ones and learning how to interact with the external world.

We hope Avalanche may trigger the same positive reinforcement loop within our community, moving towards a more collaborative and inclusive way of doing research and helping us tackle bigger problems, faster and better, but together! 👪

💪The Avalanche Advantage

Avalanche has several advantages:

• Shared & Coherent Codebase: Aren't you tired of re-inventing the wheel in continual learning? We are. Re-producing paper results has always been daunting in machine learning and it is even more so in continual learning. Avalanche makes you stop re-write your (and other people) code all over again with a coherent and shared codebase that provides already all the utilities, benchmark, metrics and baselines you may need for your next great continual learning research project!

• Errors Reduction: The more code we write, the more bugs we introduce in our code. This is the rule, not the exception. Avalanche, let you focus on what really matters: defining your CL solution. Benchmarks preparation to training, evaluation and comparison with other methods will be already there for you. This in turn, massively reduce the amount of errors introduced and the time needed to debug your code.

• Faster Prototyping: As researchers or data scientists, we have dozens ideas every day and time is always too little to execute them. However, if we think about it, most of the time spent in bringing our ideas to life is consumed in installing software, preparing and cleaning our data, preparing the experiments code infrastructure and so on. Avalanche lets you focus just on the original algorithmic proposal, taking care of most of the rest!

• Improved Reproducibility & Portability: One of the great features of Avalanche, is the possibility of reproducing experimental results easily and on any OS. Researchers can simply plug-in their algorithm into the codebase and see how it goes with respect of other researchers' methods. Their algorithm in turn, is used as a baseline for other methods, creating a virtuous circle. This is only possible thanks to the simple, yet powerful idea of providing shared benchmarks, training and evaluation in a single place.

• Improved Modularity: Avalanche has been designed with modularity in mind. As you will learn more about Avalanche, you will realize we have sometimes forego simplicity in favor of modularity and reusability (we hate code replication as you do 🤪). However, we believe this will help us scale in the near future as we collaboratively bring this codebase into maturity.

• Increased Efficiency & Scalability: Full-stack researchers & data scientists know this, making your algorithm memory and computationally efficient is tough. Avalanche is already optimized for you, so that you can run your ImageNet continual learning experiment on your 8GB laptop (buy a cooling fan 💨) or even try it on embedded devices of your latest product!

But most of all, Avalanche, can help us standardize our field and work better together, more collaboratively, towards our shared goal of making machines learn over time like humans do.

Avalanche the first experiment of a End-to-end Library for reproducible continual learning research where you can find benchmarks, algorithms, evaluation utilities and much more in the same place.

Let's make it together 👫 a wonderful ride! 🎈

Avalanche is a framework in constant development. Thanks to the support of the community and its active members we plan to extend its features and improve its usability based on the demands of our research community! A the moment, Avalanche is in Beta (v0.3.1). We support a large number of Benchmarks, Strategies and Metrics, that makes it, we believe, the best tool out there for your continual learning research! 💪

Benchmarks and Datasets

You find a complete list of the features on the .

🖼️ Datasets

Avalanche supports all the most popular computer vision datasets used in Continual Learning. Some of them are available in , while other have been integrated by us. Most datasets can be automatically downloaded by Avalanche.

• Toy datasets: MNIST, Fashion MNIST, KMNIST, EMNIST, QMNIST.

• CIFAR: CIFAR10, CIFAR100.

• ImageNet: TinyImagenet, MiniImagenet, Imagenet.

• Others: EndlessCLDataset, CUB200, OpenLORIS, Stream-51, INATURALIST2018, Omniglot, CLEARImage, ...

📚 Benchmarks

All the major continual learning benchmarks are available and ready to use. Benchmarks split the datasets and create the train and test streams:

• MNIST: SplitMNIST, RotatedMNIST, PermutedMNIST, SplitFashionMNIST.

• CIFAR10: SplitCIFAR10, SplitCIFAR100, SplitCIFAR110.

• CORe50: all the CORe50 scenarios are supported.

• Others: SplitCUB200, CLStream51, CLEAR.

📈 Continual Learning Strategies

• Baselines: Naive, JointTraining, Cumulative.

• Rehearsal: Replay with reservoir sampling and balanced buffers, GSS greedy, CoPE, Generative Replay.

• Regularization: EWC, LwF, GEM, AGEM, CWR*, Synaptic Intelligence, MAS.

• Architectural: Progressive Neural Networks, multi-head, incremental classifier.

• Others: GDumb, iCaRL, AR1, Streaming LDA, LFL.

Models

Avalanche uses and extends pytorch nn.Module to define continual learning models:

• support for nn.Modules and torchvision models.

• Dynamic output heads for class-incremental scenarios and multi heads for task-incremental scenarios.

• support for architectural strategies and dynamically expanding models such as progressive neural networks.

📊 Metrics and Evaluation

Avalanche provides continuous evaluation of CL strategies with a large set of Metrics. They are collected and logged automatically by the strategy during the training and evaluation loops.

• Standard Performance Metrics: accuracy, loss, confusion (averaged over streams or experiences).

• CL-Metrics: backward/forward transfer, forgetting.

• Computational Resources: CPU and RAM usage, MAC, execution times.

Avalanche has been designed for extreme portability and usability. Indeed, it can be run on every OS and native python environment. 💻🍎🐧

📦 Install Avalanche with Pip

you can install Avalanche with pip:

This will install the core version of Avalanche, without extra packages (e.g., object detection support, reinforcement learning support). To install all the extra packages run:

You can install also specific extra packages by specifying the appropriate code name within the square brackets. This is the complete list of options:

Avalanche will raise an error if you need one extra package and will suggest the appropriate package to install.

Note that in some alternatives to bash like zsh you may need to enclose `avalanche-lib[code]` into quotation marks ( " " ), since square brackets are used as special characters.

📥 Install the Master Branch Using Pip

If you want, you can install Avalanche directly from the master branch (latest version) in a single command. Make sure to have pytorch already installed in your environment, then execute

To update avalanche to the latest version, uninstall the package with pip uninstall avalanche-lib and then execute again the pip install command.

🐍 Install the Master Branch Using Anaconda

We suggest you to use the pip package, but if you need some recent features you may want to install directly from the master branch. In general, the master branch is well tested and safe to use. However, the API of new features may change more frequently or break backward compatibility. Reproducibility is also easier if you use the pip package.

You can test your installation by running the examples/test_install.py script. Make sure to include avalanche into your $PYTHONPATH if you are running examples with the command line interface.

💻 Developer Mode Install

Assuming you have Anaconda (or Miniconda) installed on your system, you can follow these simple steps:

1. Install the avalanche-dev-env environment and activate it.

3. Update the Conda Environment.

These three steps can be accomplished with the following lines of code:

You can test your installation by running the examples/test_install.py script. Make sure to include avalanche into your $PYTHONPATH if you are running examples with the command line interface.

That's it. now we have Avalanche up and running and we can start contribute to it!

🤝 Run it on Google Colab

You can run this chapter and play with it on Google Colaboratory:

Welcome to the "Models" tutorial of the "From Zero to Hero" series. In this notebook we will talk about the features offered by the models Avalanche sub-module.

Support for pytorch Modules

Every continual learning experiment needs a model to train incrementally. You can use any torch.nn.Module, even pretrained models. The models sub-module provides the most commonly used architectures in the CL literature.

You can use any model provided in the Pytorch official ecosystem models as well as the ones provided by pytorchcv!

!pip install avalanche-lib==0.3.1

from avalanche.models import SimpleCNN
from avalanche.models import SimpleMLP
from avalanche.models import SimpleMLP_TinyImageNet
from avalanche.models import MobilenetV1

model = SimpleCNN()
print(model)

Dynamic Model Expansion

A continual learning model may change over time. As an example, a classifier may add new units for previously unseen classes, while progressive networks add a new set units after each experience. Avalanche provides DynamicModules to support these use cases. DynamicModules are torch.nn.Modules that provide an addition method, adaptation, that is used to update the model's architecture. The method takes a single argument, the data from the current experience.

For example, an IncrementalClassifier updates the number of output units:

from avalanche.benchmarks import SplitMNIST
from avalanche.models import IncrementalClassifier

benchmark = SplitMNIST(5, shuffle=False, class_ids_from_zero_in_each_exp=False)
model = IncrementalClassifier(in_features=784)

print(model)
for exp in benchmark.train_stream:
    model.adaptation(exp)
    print(model)

As you can see, after each call to the adaptation method, the model adds 2 new units to account for the new classes. Notice that no learning occurs at this point since the method only modifies the model's architecture.

Keep in mind that when you use Avalanche strategies you don't have to call the adaptation yourself. Avalanche strategies automatically call the model's adaptation and update the optimizer to include the new parameters.

Multi-Task models

Some models, such as multi-head classifiers, are designed to exploit task labels. In Avalanche, such models are implemented as MultiTaskModules. These are dynamic models (since they need to be updated whenever they encounter a new task) that have an additional task_labels argument in their forward method. task_labels is a tensor with a task id for each sample.

from avalanche.benchmarks import SplitMNIST
from avalanche.models import MultiHeadClassifier

benchmark = SplitMNIST(5, shuffle=False, return_task_id=True, class_ids_from_zero_in_each_exp=True)
model = MultiHeadClassifier(in_features=784)

print(model)
for exp in benchmark.train_stream:
    model.adaptation(exp)
    print(model)

When you use a MultiHeadClassifier, a new head is initialized whenever a new task is encountered. Avalanche strategies automatically recognize multi-task modules and provide task labels to them.

How to define a multi-task Module

If you want to define a custom multi-task module you need to override two methods: adaptation (if needed), and forward_single_task. The forward method of the base class will split the mini-batch by task-id and provide single task mini-batches to forward_single_task.

from avalanche.models import MultiTaskModule

class CustomMTModule(MultiTaskModule):
    def __init__(self, in_features, initial_out_features=2):
        super().__init__()

    def adaptation(self, dataset):
        super().adaptation(dataset)
        # your adaptation goes here

    def forward_single_task(self, x, task_label):
        # your forward goes here.
        # task_label is a single integer
        # the mini-batch is split by task-id inside the forward method.
        pass

Alternatively, if you only want to convert a single-head model into a multi-head model, you can use the as_multitask wrapper, which converts the model for you.

from avalanche.models import as_multitask

model = SimpleCNN()
print(model)

mt_model = as_multitask(model, 'classifier')
print(mt_model)

🤝 Run it on Google Colab

Welcome to the "Logging" tutorial of the "From Zero to Hero" series. In this part we will present the functionalities offered by the Avalanche logging module.

!pip install avalanche-lib==0.3.1

📑 The Logging Module

In the previous tutorial we have learned how to evaluate a continual learning algorithm in Avalanche, through different metrics that can be used off-the-shelf via the Evaluation Plugin or stand-alone. However, computing metrics and collecting results, may not be enough at times.

While running complex experiments with long waiting times, logging results over-time is fundamental to "babysit" your experiments in real-time, or even understand what went wrong in the aftermath.

This is why in Avalanche we decided to put a strong emphasis on logging and provide a number of loggers that can be used with any set of metrics!

Loggers

Avalanche at the moment supports four main Loggers:

• InteractiveLogger: This logger provides a nice progress bar and displays real-time metrics results in an interactive way (meant for stdout).

• TextLogger: This logger, mostly intended for file logging, is the plain text version of the InteractiveLogger. Keep in mind that it may be very verbose.

• TensorboardLogger: It logs all the metrics on Tensorboard in real-time. Perfect for real-time plotting.

• WandBLogger: It leverages Weights and Biases tools to log metrics and results on a dashboard. It requires a W&B account.

In order to keep track of when each metric value has been logged, we leverage two global counters, one for the training phase, one for the evaluation phase. You can see the global counter value reported in the x axis of the logged plots.

Each global counter is an ever-increasing value which starts from 0 and it is increased by one each time a training/evaluation iteration is performed (i.e. after each training/evaluation minibatch). The global counters are updated automatically by the strategy.

How to use loggers

from torch.optim import SGD
from torch.nn import CrossEntropyLoss
from avalanche.benchmarks.classic import SplitMNIST
from avalanche.evaluation.metrics import forgetting_metrics, \
accuracy_metrics, loss_metrics, timing_metrics, cpu_usage_metrics, \
confusion_matrix_metrics, disk_usage_metrics
from avalanche.models import SimpleMLP
from avalanche.logging import InteractiveLogger, TextLogger, TensorboardLogger, WandBLogger
from avalanche.training.plugins import EvaluationPlugin
from avalanche.training import Naive

benchmark = SplitMNIST(n_experiences=5, return_task_id=False)

# MODEL CREATION
model = SimpleMLP(num_classes=benchmark.n_classes)

# DEFINE THE EVALUATION PLUGIN and LOGGERS
# The evaluation plugin manages the metrics computation.
# It takes as argument a list of metrics, collectes their results and returns
# them to the strategy it is attached to.


loggers = []

# log to Tensorboard
loggers.append(TensorboardLogger())

# log to text file
loggers.append(TextLogger(open('log.txt', 'a')))

# print to stdout
loggers.append(InteractiveLogger())

# W&B logger - comment this if you don't have a W&B account
loggers.append(WandBLogger(project_name="avalanche", run_name="test"))

eval_plugin = EvaluationPlugin(
    accuracy_metrics(minibatch=True, epoch=True, experience=True, stream=True),
    loss_metrics(minibatch=True, epoch=True, experience=True, stream=True),
    timing_metrics(epoch=True, epoch_running=True),
    cpu_usage_metrics(experience=True),
    forgetting_metrics(experience=True, stream=True),
    confusion_matrix_metrics(num_classes=benchmark.n_classes, save_image=True,
                             stream=True),
    disk_usage_metrics(minibatch=True, epoch=True, experience=True, stream=True),
    loggers=loggers
)

# CREATE THE STRATEGY INSTANCE (NAIVE)
cl_strategy = Naive(
    model, SGD(model.parameters(), lr=0.001, momentum=0.9),
    CrossEntropyLoss(), train_mb_size=500, train_epochs=1, eval_mb_size=100,
    evaluator=eval_plugin)

# TRAINING LOOP
print('Starting experiment...')
results = []
for experience in benchmark.train_stream:
    # train returns a dictionary which contains all the metric values
    res = cl_strategy.train(experience)
    print('Training completed')

    print('Computing accuracy on the whole test set')
    # test also returns a dictionary which contains all the metric values
    results.append(cl_strategy.eval(benchmark.test_stream))

# need to manually call W&B run end since we are in a notebook
import wandb
wandb.finish()

%load_ext tensorboard

%tensorboard --logdir tb_data --port 6066

Create your Logger

If the available loggers are not sufficient to suit your needs, you can always implement a custom logger by specializing the behaviors of the StrategyLogger base class.

This completes the "Logging" tutorial for the "From Zero to Hero" series. We hope you enjoyed it!

🤝 Run it on Google Colab

Welcome to the "Training" tutorial of the "From Zero to Hero" series. In this part we will present the functionalities offered by the training module.

First, let's install Avalanche. You can skip this step if you have installed it already.

!pip install avalanche-lib==0.3.1

💪 The Training Module

The training module in Avalanche is designed with modularity in mind. Its main goals are to:

1. provide a set of popular continual learning baselines that can be easily used to run experimental comparisons;

2. provide simple abstractions to create and run your own strategy as efficiently and easily as possible starting from a couple of basic building blocks we already prepared for you.

At the moment, the training module includes three main components:

• Templates: these are high level abstractions used as a starting point to define the actual strategies. The templates contain already implemented basic utilities and functionalities shared by a group of strategies (e.g. the BaseSGDTemplate contains all the implemented methods to deal with strategies based on SGD).

• Strategies: these are popular baselines already implemented for you which you can use for comparisons or as base classes to define a custom strategy.

• Plugins: these are classes that allow adding some specific behavior to your own strategy. The plugin system allows defining reusable components which can be easily combined (e.g. a replay strategy, a regularization strategy). They are also used to automatically manage logging and evaluation.

Keep in mind that many Avalanche components are independent of Avalanche strategies. If you already have your own strategy which does not use Avalanche, you can use Avalanche's benchmarks, models, data loaders, and metrics without ever looking at Avalanche's strategies!

📈 How to Use Strategies & Plugins

If you want to compare your strategy with other classic continual learning algorithms or baselines, in Avalanche you can instantiate a strategy with a couple of lines of code.

Strategy Instantiation

Most strategies require only 3 mandatory arguments:

• model: this must be a torch.nn.Module.

• optimizer: torch.optim.Optimizer already initialized on your model.

• loss: a loss function such as those in torch.nn.functional.

Additional arguments are optional and allow you to customize training (batch size, number of epochs, ...) or strategy-specific parameters (memory size, regularization strength, ...).

from torch.optim import SGD
from torch.nn import CrossEntropyLoss
from avalanche.models import SimpleMLP
from avalanche.training.supervised import Naive, CWRStar, Replay, GDumb, Cumulative, LwF, GEM, AGEM, EWC  # and many more!

model = SimpleMLP(num_classes=10)
optimizer = SGD(model.parameters(), lr=0.001, momentum=0.9)
criterion = CrossEntropyLoss()
cl_strategy = Naive(
    model, optimizer, criterion,
    train_mb_size=100, train_epochs=4, eval_mb_size=100
)

Training & Evaluation

Each strategy object offers two main methods: train and eval. Both of them, accept either a single experience(Experience) or a list of them, for maximum flexibility.

We can train the model continually by iterating over the train_stream provided by the scenario.

from avalanche.benchmarks.classic import SplitMNIST

# scenario
benchmark = SplitMNIST(n_experiences=5, seed=1)

# TRAINING LOOP
print('Starting experiment...')
results = []
for experience in benchmark.train_stream:
    print("Start of experience: ", experience.current_experience)
    print("Current Classes: ", experience.classes_in_this_experience)

    cl_strategy.train(experience)
    print('Training completed')

    print('Computing accuracy on the whole test set')
    results.append(cl_strategy.eval(benchmark.test_stream))

Adding Plugins

Most continual learning strategies follow roughly the same training/evaluation loops, i.e. a simple naive strategy (a.k.a. finetuning) augmented with additional behavior to counteract catastrophic forgetting. The plugin systems in Avalanche is designed to easily augment continual learning strategies with custom behavior, without having to rewrite the training loop from scratch. Avalanche strategies accept an optional list of plugins that will be executed during the training/evaluation loops.

For example, early stopping is implemented as a plugin:

from avalanche.training.plugins import EarlyStoppingPlugin

strategy = Naive(
    model, optimizer, criterion,
    plugins=[EarlyStoppingPlugin(patience=10, val_stream_name='train')])

In Avalanche, most continual learning strategies are implemented using plugins, which makes it easy to combine them together. For example, it is extremely easy to create a hybrid strategy that combines replay and EWC together by passing the appropriate plugins list to the SupervisedTemplate:

from avalanche.training.templates import SupervisedTemplate
from avalanche.training.plugins import ReplayPlugin, EWCPlugin

replay = ReplayPlugin(mem_size=100)
ewc = EWCPlugin(ewc_lambda=0.001)
strategy = SupervisedTemplate(
    model, optimizer, criterion,
    plugins=[replay, ewc])

Beware that most strategy plugins modify the internal state. As a result, not all the strategy plugins can be combined together. For example, it does not make sense to use multiple replay plugins since they will try to modify the same strategy variables (mini-batches, dataloaders), and therefore they will be in conflict.

📝 A Look Inside Avalanche Strategies

If you arrived at this point you already know how to use Avalanche strategies and are ready to use it. However, before making your own strategies you need to understand a little bit the internal implementation of the training and evaluation loops.

In Avalanche you can customize a strategy in 2 ways:

1. Plugins: Most strategies can be implemented as additional code that runs on top of the basic training and evaluation loops (e.g. the Naive strategy). Therefore, the easiest way to define a custom strategy such as a regularization or replay strategy, is to define it as a custom plugin. The advantage of plugins is that they can be combined, as long as they are compatible, i.e. they do not modify the same part of the state. The disadvantage is that in order to do so you need to understand the strategy loop, which can be a bit complex at first.

2. Subclassing: In Avalanche, continual learning strategies inherit from the appropriate template, which provides generic training and evaluation loops. The most high level template is the BaseTemplate, from which all the Avalanche's strategies inherit. Most template's methods can be safely overridden (with some caveats that we will see later).

Keep in mind that if you already have a working continual learning strategy that does not use Avalanche, you can use most Avalanche components such as benchmarks, evaluation, and models without using Avalanche's strategies!

Training and Evaluation Loops

As we already mentioned, Avalanche strategies inherit from the appropriate template (e.g. continual supervised learning strategies inherit from the SupervisedTemplate). These templates provide:

1. Basic Training and Evaluation loops which define a naive (finetuning) strategy.

2. Callback points, which are used to call the plugins at a specific moments during the loop's execution.

3. A set of variables representing the state of the loops (current model, data, mini-batch, predictions, ...) which allows plugins and child classes to easily manipulate the state of the training loop.

The training loop has the following structure:

train
    before_training

    before_train_dataset_adaptation
    train_dataset_adaptation
    after_train_dataset_adaptation
    make_train_dataloader
    model_adaptation
    make_optimizer
    before_training_exp  # for each exp
        before_training_epoch  # for each epoch
            before_training_iteration  # for each iteration
                before_forward
                after_forward
                before_backward
                after_backward
            after_training_iteration
            before_update
            after_update
        after_training_epoch
    after_training_exp
    after_training

The evaluation loop is similar:

eval
    before_eval
    before_eval_dataset_adaptation
    eval_dataset_adaptation
    after_eval_dataset_adaptation
    make_eval_dataloader
    model_adaptation
    before_eval_exp  # for each exp
        eval_epoch  # we have a single epoch in evaluation mode
            before_eval_iteration  # for each iteration
                before_eval_forward
                after_eval_forward
            after_eval_iteration
    after_eval_exp
    after_eval

Methods starting with before/after are the methods responsible for calling the plugins. Notice that before the start of each experience during training we have several phases:

• dataset adaptation: This is the phase where the training data can be modified by the strategy, for example by adding other samples from a separate buffer.

• dataloader initialization: Initialize the data loader. Many strategies (e.g. replay) use custom dataloaders to balance the data.

• model adaptation: Here, the dynamic models (see the models tutorial) are updated by calling their adaptation method.

• optimizer initialization: After the model has been updated, the optimizer should also be updated to ensure that the new parameters are optimized.

Strategy State

The strategy state is accessible via several attributes. Most of these can be modified by plugins and subclasses:

• self.clock: keeps track of several event counters.

• self.experience: the current experience.

• self.adapted_dataset: the data modified by the dataset adaptation phase.

• self.dataloader: the current dataloader.

• self.mbatch: the current mini-batch. For supervised classification problems, mini-batches have the form <x, y, t>, where x is the input, y is the target class, and t is the task label.

• self.mb_output: the current model's output.

• self.loss: the current loss.

• self.is_training: True if the strategy is in training mode.

How to Write a Plugin

Plugins provide a simple solution to define a new strategy by augmenting the behavior of another strategy (typically the Naive strategy). This approach reduces the overhead and code duplication, improving code readability and prototyping speed.

Creating a plugin is straightforward. As with strategies, you must create a class that inherits from the corresponding plugin template (BasePlugin, BaseSGDPlugin, SupervisedPlugin) and implements the callbacks that you need. The exact callback to use depend on the aim of your plugin. You can use the loop shown above to understand what callbacks you need to use. For example, we show below a simple replay plugin that uses after_training_exp to update the buffer after each training experience, and the before_training_exp to customize the dataloader. Notice that before_training_exp is executed after make_train_dataloader, which means that the Naive strategy already updated the dataloader. If we used another callback, such as before_train_dataset_adaptation, our dataloader would have been overwritten by the Naive strategy. Plugin methods always receive the strategy as an argument, so they can access and modify the strategy's state.

from avalanche.benchmarks.utils.data_loader import ReplayDataLoader
from avalanche.core import SupervisedPlugin
from avalanche.training.storage_policy import ReservoirSamplingBuffer


class ReplayP(SupervisedPlugin):

    def __init__(self, mem_size):
        """ A simple replay plugin with reservoir sampling. """
        super().__init__()
        self.buffer = ReservoirSamplingBuffer(max_size=mem_size)

    def before_training_exp(self, strategy: "SupervisedTemplate",
                            num_workers: int = 0, shuffle: bool = True,
                            **kwargs):
        """ Use a custom dataloader to combine samples from the current data and memory buffer. """
        if len(self.buffer.buffer) == 0:
            # first experience. We don't use the buffer, no need to change
            # the dataloader.
            return
        strategy.dataloader = ReplayDataLoader(
            strategy.adapted_dataset,
            self.buffer.buffer,
            oversample_small_tasks=True,
            num_workers=num_workers,
            batch_size=strategy.train_mb_size,
            shuffle=shuffle)

    def after_training_exp(self, strategy: "SupervisedTemplate", **kwargs):
        """ Update the buffer. """
        self.buffer.update(strategy, **kwargs)


benchmark = SplitMNIST(n_experiences=5, seed=1)
model = SimpleMLP(num_classes=10)
optimizer = SGD(model.parameters(), lr=0.01, momentum=0.9)
criterion = CrossEntropyLoss()
strategy = Naive(model=model, optimizer=optimizer, criterion=criterion, train_mb_size=128,
                 plugins=[ReplayP(mem_size=2000)])
strategy.train(benchmark.train_stream)
strategy.eval(benchmark.test_stream)

Check base plugin's documentation for a complete list of the available callbacks.

How to Write a Custom Strategy

You can always define a custom strategy by overriding the corresponding template methods. However, There is an important caveat to keep in mind. If you override a method, you must remember to call all the callback's handlers (the methods starting with before/after) at the appropriate points. For example, train calls before_training and after_training before and after the training loops, respectively. The easiest way to avoid mistakes is to start from the template's method that you want to override and modify it based on your own needs without removing the callbacks handling.

Notice that the EvaluationPlugin (see evaluation tutorial) uses the strategy callbacks.

As an example, the SupervisedTemplate, for continual supervised strategies, provides the global state of the loop in the strategy's attributes, which you can safely use when you override a method. For instance, the Cumulative strategy trains a model continually on the union of all the experiences encountered so far. To achieve this, the cumulative strategy overrides adapt_train_dataset and updates `self.adapted_dataset' by concatenating all the previous experiences with the current one.

from avalanche.benchmarks.utils import AvalancheConcatDataset
from avalanche.training.templates import SupervisedTemplate


class Cumulative(SupervisedTemplate):
    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
        super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
        self.dataset = None  # cumulative dataset

    def train_dataset_adaptation(self, **kwargs):
        super().train_dataset_adaptation(**kwargs)
        curr_data = self.experience.dataset
        if self.dataset is None:
            self.dataset = curr_data
        else:
            self.dataset = AvalancheConcatDataset([self.dataset, curr_data])
        self.adapted_dataset = self.dataset.train()

strategy = Cumulative(model=model, optimizer=optimizer, criterion=criterion, train_mb_size=128)
strategy.train(benchmark.train_stream)

Easy, isn't it? :-)

In general, we recommend to implement a Strategy via plugins, if possible. This approach is the easiest to use and requires minimal knowledge of the strategy templates. It also allows other people to re-use your plugin and facilitates interoperability among different strategies.

For example, replay strategies can be implemented as a custom strategy or as plugins. However, creating a plugin allows using the replay in conjunction with other strategies or plugins, making it possible to combine different approaches to build the ultimate continual learning algorithm!

This completes the "Training" chapter for the "From Zero to Hero" series. We hope you enjoyed it!

🤝 Run it on Google Colab

Welcome to the "Evaluation" tutorial of the "From Zero to Hero" series. In this part we will present the functionalities offered by the evaluation module.

!pip install avalanche-lib==0.3.1

📈 The Evaluation Module

The evaluation module is quite straightforward: it offers all the basic functionalities to evaluate and keep track of a continual learning experiment.

This is mostly done through the Metrics: a set of classes which implement the main continual learning metrics computation like A_ccuracy_, F_orgetting_, M_emory Usage_, R_unning Times_, etc. At the moment, in Avalanche we offer a number of pre-implemented metrics you can use for your own experiments. We made sure to include all the major accuracy-based metrics but also the ones related to computation and memory.

Each metric comes with a standalone class and a set of plugin classes aimed at emitting metric values on specific moments during training and evaluation.

Standalone metric

As an example, the standalone Accuracy class can be used to monitor the average accuracy over a stream of <input,target> pairs. The class provides an update method to update the current average accuracy, a result method to print the current average accuracy and a reset method to set the current average accuracy to zero. The call to resultdoes not change the metric state.

The TaskAwareAccuracy metric keeps separate accuracy counters for different task labels. As such, it requires the task_labels parameter, which specifies which task is associated with the current patterns. The metric returns a dictionary mapping task labels to accuracy values.

import torch
from avalanche.evaluation.metrics import Accuracy, TaskAwareAccuracy

# create an instance of the standalone Accuracy metric
# initial accuracy is 0
acc_metric = Accuracy()
print("Initial Accuracy: ", acc_metric.result()) #  output 0.0

# two consecutive metric updates
real_y = torch.tensor([1, 2]).long()
predicted_y = torch.tensor([1, 0]).float()
acc_metric.update(real_y, predicted_y)
acc = acc_metric.result()
print("Average Accuracy: ", acc) # output 0.5
predicted_y = torch.tensor([1,2]).float()
acc_metric.update(real_y, predicted_y)
acc = acc_metric.result()
print("Average Accuracy: ", acc) # output 0.75

# reset accuracy
acc_metric.reset()
print("After reset: ", acc_metric.result()) # output 0.0

# create an instance of the standalone TaskAwareAccuracy metric
# initial accuracy is 0 for each task
acc_metric = TaskAwareAccuracy()
print("Initial Accuracy: ", acc_metric.result()) #  output {}

# metric updates for 2 different tasks
task_label = 0
real_y = torch.tensor([1, 2]).long()
predicted_y = torch.tensor([1, 0]).float()
acc_metric.update(real_y, predicted_y, task_label)
acc = acc_metric.result()
print("Average Accuracy: ", acc) # output 0.5 for task 0

task_label = 1
predicted_y = torch.tensor([1,2]).float()
acc_metric.update(real_y, predicted_y, task_label)
acc = acc_metric.result() 
print("Average Accuracy: ", acc) # output 0.75 for task 0 and 1.0 for task 1

task_label = 0
predicted_y = torch.tensor([1,2]).float()
acc_metric.update(real_y, predicted_y, task_label)
acc = acc_metric.result()
print("Average Accuracy: ", acc) # output 0.75 for task 0 and 1.0 for task 1

# reset accuracy
acc_metric.reset()
print("After reset: ", acc_metric.result()) # output {}

Plugin metric

If you want to integrate the available metrics automatically in the training and evaluation flow, you can use plugin metrics, like EpochAccuracy which logs the accuracy after each training epoch, or ExperienceAccuracy which logs the accuracy after each evaluation experience. Each of these metrics emits a curve composed by its values at different points in time (e.g. on different training epochs). In order to simplify the use of these metrics, we provided utility functions with which you can create different plugin metrics in one shot. The results of these functions can be passed as parameters directly to the EvaluationPlugin(see below).

from avalanche.evaluation.metrics import accuracy_metrics, \
    loss_metrics, forgetting_metrics, bwt_metrics,\
    confusion_matrix_metrics, cpu_usage_metrics, \
    disk_usage_metrics, gpu_usage_metrics, MAC_metrics, \
    ram_usage_metrics, timing_metrics

# you may pass the result to the EvaluationPlugin
metrics = accuracy_metrics(epoch=True, experience=True)

📐Evaluation Plugin

The Evaluation Plugin is the object in charge of configuring and controlling the evaluation procedure. This object can be passed to a Strategy as a "special" plugin through the evaluator attribute.

The Evaluation Plugin accepts as inputs the plugin metrics you want to track. In addition, you can add one or more loggers to print the metrics in different ways (on file, on standard output, on Tensorboard...).

It is also recommended to pass to the Evaluation Plugin the benchmark instance used in the experiment. This allows the plugin to check for consistency during metrics computation. For example, the Evaluation Plugin checks that the strategy.eval calls are performed on the same stream or sub-stream. Otherwise, same metric could refer to different portions of the stream. These checks can be configured to raise errors (stopping computation) or only warnings.

from torch.nn import CrossEntropyLoss
from torch.optim import SGD
from avalanche.benchmarks.classic import SplitMNIST
from avalanche.evaluation.metrics import forgetting_metrics, \
accuracy_metrics, loss_metrics, timing_metrics, cpu_usage_metrics, \
confusion_matrix_metrics, disk_usage_metrics
from avalanche.models import SimpleMLP
from avalanche.logging import InteractiveLogger
from avalanche.training.plugins import EvaluationPlugin
from avalanche.training import Naive

benchmark = SplitMNIST(n_experiences=5)

# MODEL CREATION
model = SimpleMLP(num_classes=benchmark.n_classes)

# DEFINE THE EVALUATION PLUGIN
# The evaluation plugin manages the metrics computation.
# It takes as argument a list of metrics, collectes their results and returns
# them to the strategy it is attached to.

eval_plugin = EvaluationPlugin(
    accuracy_metrics(minibatch=True, epoch=True, experience=True, stream=True),
    loss_metrics(minibatch=True, epoch=True, experience=True, stream=True),
    timing_metrics(epoch=True),
    forgetting_metrics(experience=True, stream=True),
    cpu_usage_metrics(experience=True),
    confusion_matrix_metrics(num_classes=benchmark.n_classes, save_image=False, stream=True),
    disk_usage_metrics(minibatch=True, epoch=True, experience=True, stream=True),
    loggers=[InteractiveLogger()],
    strict_checks=False
)

# CREATE THE STRATEGY INSTANCE (NAIVE)
cl_strategy = Naive(
    model, SGD(model.parameters(), lr=0.001, momentum=0.9),
    CrossEntropyLoss(), train_mb_size=500, train_epochs=1, eval_mb_size=100,
    evaluator=eval_plugin)

# TRAINING LOOP
print('Starting experiment...')
results = []
for experience in benchmark.train_stream:
    # train returns a dictionary which contains all the metric values
    res = cl_strategy.train(experience)
    print('Training completed')

    print('Computing accuracy on the whole test set')
    # test also returns a dictionary which contains all the metric values
    results.append(cl_strategy.eval(benchmark.test_stream))

Implement your own metric

To implement a standalone metric, you have to subclass Metric class.

from avalanche.evaluation import Metric


# a standalone metric implementation
class MyStandaloneMetric(Metric[float]):
    """
    This metric will return a `float` value
    """
    def __init__(self):
        """
        Initialize your metric here
        """
        super().__init__()
        pass

    def update(self):
        """
        Update metric value here
        """
        pass

    def result(self) -> float:
        """
        Emit the metric result here
        """
        return 0

    def reset(self):
        """
        Reset your metric here
        """
        pass

To implement a plugin metric you have to subclass PluginMetric class

from avalanche.evaluation import PluginMetric
from avalanche.evaluation.metrics import Accuracy
from avalanche.evaluation.metric_results import MetricValue
from avalanche.evaluation.metric_utils import get_metric_name


class MyPluginMetric(PluginMetric[float]):
    """
    This metric will return a `float` value after
    each training epoch
    """

    def __init__(self):
        """
        Initialize the metric
        """
        super().__init__()

        self._accuracy_metric = Accuracy()

    def reset(self) -> None:
        """
        Reset the metric
        """
        self._accuracy_metric.reset()

    def result(self) -> float:
        """
        Emit the result
        """
        return self._accuracy_metric.result()

    def after_training_iteration(self, strategy: 'PluggableStrategy') -> None:
        """
        Update the accuracy metric with the current
        predictions and targets
        """
        # task labels defined for each experience
        task_labels = strategy.experience.task_labels
        if len(task_labels) > 1:
            # task labels defined for each pattern
            task_labels = strategy.mb_task_id
        else:
            task_labels = task_labels[0]
            
        self._accuracy_metric.update(strategy.mb_output, strategy.mb_y, 
                                     task_labels)

    def before_training_epoch(self, strategy: 'PluggableStrategy') -> None:
        """
        Reset the accuracy before the epoch begins
        """
        self.reset()

    def after_training_epoch(self, strategy: 'PluggableStrategy'):
        """
        Emit the result
        """
        return self._package_result(strategy)
        
        
    def _package_result(self, strategy):
        """Taken from `GenericPluginMetric`, check that class out!"""
        metric_value = self.accuracy_metric.result()
        add_exp = False
        plot_x_position = strategy.clock.train_iterations

        if isinstance(metric_value, dict):
            metrics = []
            for k, v in metric_value.items():
                metric_name = get_metric_name(
                    self, strategy, add_experience=add_exp, add_task=k)
                metrics.append(MetricValue(self, metric_name, v,
                                           plot_x_position))
            return metrics
        else:
            metric_name = get_metric_name(self, strategy,
                                          add_experience=add_exp,
                                          add_task=True)
            return [MetricValue(self, metric_name, metric_value,
                                plot_x_position)]

    def __str__(self):
        """
        Here you can specify the name of your metric
        """
        return "Top1_Acc_Epoch"

Accessing metric values

If you want to access all the metrics computed during training and evaluation, you have to make sure that collect_all=True is set when creating the EvaluationPlugin (default option is True). This option maintains an updated version of all metric results in the plugin, which can be retrieved by calling evaluation_plugin.get_all_metrics(). You can call this methods whenever you need the metrics.

The result is a dictionary with full metric names as keys and a tuple of two lists as values. The first list stores all the x values recorded for that metric. Each x value represents the time step at which the corresponding metric value has been computed. The second list stores metric values associated to the corresponding x value.

eval_plugin2 = EvaluationPlugin(
    accuracy_metrics(minibatch=True, epoch=True, experience=True, stream=True),
    loss_metrics(minibatch=True, epoch=True, experience=True, stream=True),
    forgetting_metrics(experience=True, stream=True),
    timing_metrics(epoch=True),
    cpu_usage_metrics(experience=True),
    confusion_matrix_metrics(num_classes=benchmark.n_classes, save_image=False, stream=True),
    disk_usage_metrics(minibatch=True, epoch=True, experience=True, stream=True),
    collect_all=True, # this is default value anyway
    loggers=[InteractiveLogger()]
)

# since no training and evaluation has been performed, this will return an empty dict.
metric_dict = eval_plugin2.get_all_metrics()
print(metric_dict)

d = eval_plugin.get_all_metrics()
d['Top1_Acc_Epoch/train_phase/train_stream/Task000']

Alternatively, the train and eval method of every strategy returns a dictionary storing, for each metric, the last value recorded for that metric. You can use these dictionaries to incrementally accumulate metrics.

print(res)

print(results[-1])

This completes the "Evaluation" tutorial for the "From Zero to Hero" series. We hope you enjoyed it!

🤝 Run it on Google Colab

Welcome to the "benchmarks" tutorial of the "From Zero to Hero" series. In this part we will present the functionalities offered by the Benchmarks module.

!pip install avalanche-lib==0.3.1

🎯 Nomenclature

First off, let's clarify a bit the nomenclature we are going to use, introducing the following terms: Datasets, Scenarios, Benchmarks and Generators.

• By Dataset we mean a collection of examples that can be used for training or testing purposes but not already organized to be processed as a stream of batches or tasks. Since Avalanche is based on Pytorch, our Datasets are torch.utils.Datasets objects.

• By Scenario we mean a particular setting, i.e. specificities about the continual stream of data, a continual learning algorithm will face.

• By Benchmark we mean a well-defined and carefully thought combination of a scenario with one or multiple datasets that we can use to asses our continual learning algorithms.

• By Generator we mean a function that given a specific scenario and a dataset can generate a Benchmark.

📚 The Benchmarks Module

The bechmarks module offers 3 types of utils:

• Datasets: all the Pytorch datasets plus additional ones prepared by our community and particularly interesting for continual learning.

• Classic Benchmarks: classic benchmarks used in CL litterature ready to be used with great flexibility.

• Benchmarks Generators: a set of functions you can use to create your own benchmark starting from any kind of data and scenario. In particular, we distinguish two type of generators: Specific and Generic. The first ones will let you create a benchmark based on a clear scenarios and Pytorch dataset(s); the latters, instead, are more generic and flexible, both in terms of scenario definition then in terms of type of data they can manage.

  • Specific:

    • nc_benchmark: given one or multiple datasets it creates a benchmark instance based on scenarios where New Classes (NC) are encountered over time. Notable scenarios that can be created using this utility include Class-Incremental, Task-Incremental and Task-Agnostic scenarios.

    • ni_benchmark: it creates a benchmark instance based on scenarios where New Instances (NI), i.e. new examples of the same classes are encountered over time. Notable scenarios that can be created using this utility include Domain-Incremental scenarios.

  • Generic:

    • filelist_benchmark: It creates a benchmark instance given a list of filelists.

    • paths_benchmark: It creates a benchmark instance given a list of file paths and class labels.

    • tensors_benchmark: It creates a benchmark instance given a list of tensors.

    • dataset_benchmark: It creates a benchmark instance given a list of pytorch datasets.

But let's see how we can use this module in practice!

🖼️ Datasets

Let's start with the Datasets. As we previously hinted, in Avalanche you'll find all the standard Pytorch Datasets available in the torchvision package as well as a few others that are useful for continual learning but not already officially available within the Pytorch ecosystem.

import torch
import torchvision
from avalanche.benchmarks.datasets import MNIST, FashionMNIST, KMNIST, EMNIST, \
QMNIST, FakeData, CocoCaptions, CocoDetection, LSUN, ImageNet, CIFAR10, \
CIFAR100, STL10, SVHN, PhotoTour, SBU, Flickr8k, Flickr30k, VOCDetection, \
VOCSegmentation, Cityscapes, SBDataset, USPS, HMDB51, UCF101, \
CelebA, CORe50Dataset, TinyImagenet, CUB200, OpenLORIS

# As we would simply do with any Pytorch dataset we can create the train and 
# test sets from it. We could use any of the above imported Datasets, but let's
# just try to use the standard MNIST.
train_MNIST = MNIST(
    './data/mnist', train=True, download=True, transform=torchvision.transforms.ToTensor()
)
test_MNIST = MNIST(
    './data/mnist', train=False, download=True, transform=torchvision.transforms.ToTensor()
)

# Given these two sets we can simply iterate them to get the examples one by one
for i, example in enumerate(train_MNIST):
    pass
print("Num. examples processed: {}".format(i))

# or use a Pytorch DataLoader
train_loader = torch.utils.data.DataLoader(
    train_MNIST, batch_size=32, shuffle=True
)
for i, (x, y) in enumerate(train_loader):
    pass
print("Num. mini-batch processed: {}".format(i))

Of course also the basic utilities ImageFolder and DatasetFolder can be used. These are two classes that you can use to create a Pytorch Dataset directly from your files (following a particular structure). You can read more about these in the Pytorch official documentation here.

We also provide an additional FilelistDataset and AvalancheDataset classes. The former to construct a dataset from a filelist (caffe style) pointing to files anywhere on the disk. The latter to augment the basic Pytorch Dataset functionalities with an extention to better deal with a stack of transformations to be used during train and test.

from avalanche.benchmarks.utils import ImageFolder, DatasetFolder, FilelistDataset, AvalancheDataset

🛠️ Benchmarks Basics

The Avalanche benchmarks (instances of the Scenario class), contains several attributes that characterize the benchmark. However, the most important ones are the train and test streams.

In Avalanche we often suppose to have access to these two parallel stream of data (even though some benchmarks may not provide such feature, but contain just a unique test set).

Each of these streams are iterable, indexable and sliceable objects that are composed of unique experiences. Experiences are batch of data (or "tasks") that can be provided with or without a specific task label.

Efficiency

It is worth mentioning that all the data belonging to a stream are not loaded into the RAM beforehand. Avalanche actually loads the data when a specific mini-batches are requested at training/test time based on the policy defined by each Dataset implementation.

This means that memory requirements are very low, while the speed is guaranteed by a multi-processing data loading system based on the one defined in Pytorch.

Scenarios

So, as we have seen, each scenario object in Avalanche has several useful attributes that characterizes the benchmark, including the two important train and test streams. Let's check what you can get from a scenario object more in details:

from avalanche.benchmarks.classic import SplitMNIST
split_mnist = SplitMNIST(n_experiences=5, seed=1)

# Original train/test sets
print('--- Original datasets:')
print(split_mnist.original_train_dataset)
print(split_mnist.original_test_dataset)

# A list describing which training patterns are assigned to each experience.
# Patterns are identified by their id w.r.t. the dataset found in the
# original_train_dataset field.
print('--- Train patterns assignment:')
print(split_mnist.train_exps_patterns_assignment)

# A list describing which test patterns are assigned to each experience.
# Patterns are identified by their id w.r.t. the dataset found in the
# original_test_dataset field
print('--- Test patterns assignment:')
print(split_mnist.test_exps_patterns_assignment)

# the task label of each experience.
print('--- Task labels:')
print(split_mnist.task_labels)

# train and test streams
print('--- Streams:')
print(split_mnist.train_stream)
print(split_mnist.test_stream)

# A list that, for each experience (identified by its index/ID),
# stores a set of the (optionally remapped) IDs of classes of patterns
# assigned to that experience.
print('--- Classes in each experience:')
print(split_mnist.original_classes_in_exp)

Train and Test Streams

The train and test streams can be used for training and testing purposes, respectively. This is what you can do with these streams:

# each stream has a name: "train" or "test"
train_stream = split_mnist.train_stream
print(train_stream.name)

# we have access to the scenario from which the stream was taken
train_stream.benchmark

# we can slice and reorder the stream as we like!
substream = train_stream[0]
substream = train_stream[0:2]
substream = train_stream[0,2,1]

len(substream)

Experiences

Each stream can in turn be treated as an iterator that produces a unique experience, containing all the useful data regarding a batch or task in the continual stream our algorithms will face. Check out how can you use these experiences below:

# we get the first experience
experience = train_stream[0]

# task label and dataset are the main attributes
t_label = experience.task_label
dataset = experience.dataset

# but you can recover additional info
experience.current_experience
experience.classes_in_this_experience
experience.classes_seen_so_far
experience.previous_classes
experience.future_classes
experience.origin_stream
experience.benchmark

# As always, we can iterate over it normally or with a pytorch
# data loader.
# For instance, we can use tqdm to add a progress bar.
from tqdm import tqdm
for i, data in enumerate(tqdm(dataset)):
  pass
print("\nNumber of examples:", i + 1)
print("Task Label:", t_label)

🏛️ Classic Benchmarks

Now that we know how our benchmarks work in general through scenarios, streams and experiences objects, in this section we are going to explore common benchmarks already available for you with one line of code yet flexible enough to allow proper tuning based on your needs:

from avalanche.benchmarks.classic import CORe50, SplitTinyImageNet, \
SplitCIFAR10, SplitCIFAR100, SplitCIFAR110, SplitMNIST, RotatedMNIST, \
PermutedMNIST, SplitCUB200, SplitImageNet

# creating PermutedMNIST (Task-Incremental)
perm_mnist = PermutedMNIST(
    n_experiences=2,
    seed=1234,
)

Many of the classic benchmarks will download the original datasets they are based on automatically and put it under the "~/.avalanche/data" directory.

How to Use the Benchmarks

Let's see now how we can use the classic benchmark or the ones that you can create through the generators (see next section). For example, let's try out the classic PermutedMNIST benchmark (Task-Incremental scenario).

# creating the benchmark instance (scenario object)
perm_mnist = PermutedMNIST(
  n_experiences=3,
  seed=1234,
)

# recovering the train and test streams
train_stream = perm_mnist.train_stream
test_stream = perm_mnist.test_stream

# iterating over the train stream
for experience in train_stream:
  print("Start of task ", experience.task_label)
  print('Classes in this task:', experience.classes_in_this_experience)

  # The current Pytorch training set can be easily recovered through the
  # experience
  current_training_set = experience.dataset
  # ...as well as the task_label
  print('Task {}'.format(experience.task_label))
  print('This task contains', len(current_training_set), 'training examples')

  # we can recover the corresponding test experience in the test stream
  current_test_set = test_stream[experience.current_experience].dataset
  print('This task contains', len(current_test_set), 'test examples')

🐣 Benchmarks Generators

What if we want to create a new benchmark that is not present in the "Classic" ones? Well, in that case Avalanche offer a number of utilites that you can use to create your own benchmark with maximum flexibility: the benchmarks generators!

Specific Generators

The specific scenario generators are useful when starting from one or multiple Pytorch datasets you want to create a "New Instances" or "New Classes" benchmark: i.e. it supports the easy and flexible creation of a Domain-Incremental, Class-Incremental or Task-Incremental scenarios among others.

For the New Classes scenario you can use the following function:

• nc_benchmark

for the New Instances:

• ni_benchmark

from avalanche.benchmarks.generators import nc_benchmark, ni_benchmark

Let's start by creating the MNIST dataset object as we would normally do in Pytorch:

from torchvision.transforms import Compose, ToTensor, Normalize, RandomCrop
train_transform = Compose([
    RandomCrop(28, padding=4),
    ToTensor(),
    Normalize((0.1307,), (0.3081,))
])

test_transform = Compose([
    ToTensor(),
    Normalize((0.1307,), (0.3081,))
])

mnist_train = MNIST(
    './data/mnist', train=True, download=True, transform=train_transform
)
mnist_test = MNIST(
    './data/mnist', train=False, download=True, transform=test_transform
)

Then we can, for example, create a new benchmark based on MNIST and the classic Domain-Incremental scenario:

scenario = ni_benchmark(
    mnist_train, mnist_test, n_experiences=10, shuffle=True, seed=1234,
    balance_experiences=True
)

train_stream = scenario.train_stream

for experience in train_stream:
    t = experience.task_label
    exp_id = experience.current_experience
    training_dataset = experience.dataset
    print('Task {} batch {} -> train'.format(t, exp_id))
    print('This batch contains', len(training_dataset), 'patterns')

Or, we can create a benchmark based on MNIST and the Class-Incremental (what's commonly referred to as "Split-MNIST" benchmark):

scenario = nc_benchmark(
    mnist_train, mnist_test, n_experiences=10, shuffle=True, seed=1234,
    task_labels=False
)

train_stream = scenario.train_stream

for experience in train_stream:
    t = experience.task_label
    exp_id = experience.current_experience
    training_dataset = experience.dataset
    print('Task {} batch {} -> train'.format(t, exp_id))
    print('This batch contains', len(training_dataset), 'patterns')

Generic Generators

Finally, if you cannot create your ideal benchmark since it does not fit well in the aforementioned new classes or new instances scenarios, you can always use our generic generators:

• filelist_benchmark

• paths_benchmark

• dataset_benchmark

• tensors_benchmark

from avalanche.benchmarks.generators import filelist_benchmark, dataset_benchmark, \
                                            tensors_benchmark, paths_benchmark

Let's start with the filelist_benchmark utility. This function is particularly useful when it is important to preserve a particular order of the patterns to be processed (for example if they are frames of a video), or in general if we have data scattered around our drive and we want to create a sequence of batches/tasks providing only a txt file containing the list of their paths.

For Avalanche we follow the same format of the Caffe filelists ("path class_label"):

/path/to/a/file.jpg 0 /path/to/another/file.jpg 0 ... /path/to/another/file.jpg M /path/to/another/file.jpg M ... /path/to/another/file.jpg N /path/to/another/file.jpg N

So let's download the classic "Cats vs Dogs" dataset as an example:

!wget -N --no-check-certificate \
    https://storage.googleapis.com/mledu-datasets/cats_and_dogs_filtered.zip
!unzip -q -o cats_and_dogs_filtered.zip

You can now see in the content directory on colab the image we downloaded. We are now going to create the filelists and then use the filelist_benchmark function to create our benchmark:

import os
# let's create the filelists since we don't have it
dirpath = "cats_and_dogs_filtered/train"

for filelist, rel_dir, t_label in zip(
        ["train_filelist_00.txt", "train_filelist_01.txt"],
        ["cats", "dogs"],
        [0, 1]):
    # First, obtain the list of files
    filenames_list = os.listdir(os.path.join(dirpath, rel_dir))

    # Create the text file containing the filelist
    # Filelists must be in Caffe-style, which means
    # that they must define path in the format:
    #
    # relative_path_img1 class_label_first_img
    # relative_path_img2 class_label_second_img
    # ...
    #
    # For instance:
    # cat/cat_0.png 1
    # dog/dog_54.png 0
    # cat/cat_3.png 1
    # ...
    # 
    # Paths are relative to a root path
    # (specified when calling filelist_benchmark)
    with open(filelist, "w") as wf:
        for name in filenames_list:
            wf.write(
                "{} {}\n".format(os.path.join(rel_dir, name), t_label)
            )

# Here we create a GenericCLScenario ready to be iterated
generic_scenario = filelist_benchmark(
   dirpath,  
   ["train_filelist_00.txt", "train_filelist_01.txt"],
   ["train_filelist_00.txt"],
   task_labels=[0, 0],
   complete_test_set_only=True,
   train_transform=ToTensor(),
   eval_transform=ToTensor()
)

In the previous cell we created a benchmark instance starting from file lists. However, paths_benchmark is a better choice if you already have the list of paths directly loaded in memory:

train_experiences = []
for rel_dir, label in zip(
        ["cats", "dogs"],
        [0, 1]):
    # First, obtain the list of files
    filenames_list = os.listdir(os.path.join(dirpath, rel_dir))

    # Don't create a file list: instead, we create a list of 
    # paths + class labels
    experience_paths = []
    for name in filenames_list:
      instance_tuple = (os.path.join(dirpath, rel_dir, name), label)
      experience_paths.append(instance_tuple)
    train_experiences.append(experience_paths)

# Here we create a GenericCLScenario ready to be iterated
generic_scenario = paths_benchmark(
   train_experiences,
   [train_experiences[0]],  # Single test set
   task_labels=[0, 0],
   complete_test_set_only=True,
   train_transform=ToTensor(),
   eval_transform=ToTensor()
)

Let us see how we can use the dataset_benchmark utility, where we can use several PyTorch datasets as different batches or tasks. This utility expectes a list of datasets for the train, test (and other custom) streams. Each dataset will be used to create an experience:

train_cifar10 = CIFAR10(
    './data/cifar10', train=True, download=True
)
test_cifar10 = CIFAR10(
    './data/cifar10', train=False, download=True
)

generic_scenario = dataset_benchmark(
    [train_MNIST, train_cifar10],
    [test_MNIST, test_cifar10]
)

Adding task labels can be achieved by wrapping each datasets using AvalancheDataset. Apart from task labels, AvalancheDataset allows for more control over transformations and offers an ever growing set of utilities (check the documentation for more details).

# Alternatively, task labels can also be a list (or tensor)
# containing the task label of each pattern
from avalanche.benchmarks.utils import make_classification_dataset

train_MNIST_task0 = make_classification_dataset(train_cifar10, task_labels=0)
test_MNIST_task0 = make_classification_dataset(test_cifar10, task_labels=0)

train_cifar10_task1 = make_classification_dataset(train_cifar10, task_labels=1)
test_cifar10_task1 = make_classification_dataset(test_cifar10, task_labels=1)

scenario_custom_task_labels = dataset_benchmark(
    [train_MNIST_task0, train_cifar10_task1],
    [test_MNIST_task0, test_cifar10_task1]
)

print('Without custom task labels:',
      generic_scenario.train_stream[1].task_label)

print('With custom task labels:',
      scenario_custom_task_labels.train_stream[1].task_label)

And finally, the tensors_benchmark generator:

pattern_shape = (3, 32, 32)

# Definition of training experiences
# Experience 1
experience_1_x = torch.zeros(100, *pattern_shape)
experience_1_y = torch.zeros(100, dtype=torch.long)

# Experience 2
experience_2_x = torch.zeros(80, *pattern_shape)
experience_2_y = torch.ones(80, dtype=torch.long)

# Test experience
# For this example we define a single test experience,
# but "tensors_benchmark" allows you to define even more than one!
test_x = torch.zeros(50, *pattern_shape)
test_y = torch.zeros(50, dtype=torch.long)

generic_scenario = tensors_benchmark(
    train_tensors=[(experience_1_x, experience_1_y), (experience_2_x, experience_2_y)],
    test_tensors=[(test_x, test_y)],
    task_labels=[0, 0],  # Task label of each train exp
    complete_test_set_only=True
)

This completes the "Benchmark" tutorial for the "From Zero to Hero" series. We hope you enjoyed it!

🤝 Run it on Google Colab

Datasets are a fundamental data structure for continual learning. Unlike offline training, in continual learning we often need to manipulate datasets to create streams, benchmarks, or to manage replay buffers. High-level utilities and predefined benchmarks already take care of the details for you, but you can easily manipulate the data yourself if you need to. These how-to will explain:

1. PyTorch datasets and data loading

2. How to instantiate Avalanche Datasets

3. AvalancheDataset features

In Avalanche, the AvalancheDataset is everywhere:

• The dataset carried by the experience.dataset field is always an AvalancheDataset.

• Many benchmark creation functions accept AvalancheDatasets to create benchmarks.

• Avalanche benchmarks are created by manipulating AvalancheDatasets.

• Replay buffers also use AvalancheDataset to easily concanate data and handle transformations.

📚 PyTorch Dataset: general definition

In PyTorch, a Dataset is a class exposing two methods:

• __len__(), which returns the amount of instances in the dataset (as an int).

• __getitem__(idx), which returns the data point at index idx.

In other words, a Dataset instance is just an object for which, similarly to a list, one can simply:

• Obtain its length using the Python len(dataset) function.

• Obtain a single data point using the x, y = dataset[idx] syntax.

The content of the dataset can be either loaded in memory when the dataset is instantiated (like the torchvision MNIST dataset does) or, for big datasets like ImageNet, the content is kept on disk, with the dataset keeping the list of files in an internal field. In this case, data is loaded from the storage on-the-fly when __getitem__(idx) is called. The way those things are managed is specific to each dataset implementation.

Quick note on the IterableDataset class

How to Create an AvalancheDataset

To create an AvalancheDataset from a PyTorch you only need to pass the original data to the constructor as follows

The dataset is equivalent to the original one:

Classification Datasets

Classification dataset

• returns triplets of the form <x, y, t>, where t is the task label (which defaults to 0).

• The wrapped dataset must contain a valid targets field.

Avalanche provides some utility functions to create supervised classification datasets such as:

• make_tensor_classification_dataset for tensor datasets all of these will automatically create the targets and targets_task_labels attributes.

DataLoader

Dataset Operations: Concatenation and SubSampling

While PyTorch provides two different classes for concatenation and subsampling (ConcatDataset and Subset), Avalanche implements them as dataset methods. These operations return a new dataset, leaving the original one unchanged.

Dataset Attributes

AvalancheDataset allows to add attributes to datasets. Attributes are named arrays that carry some information that is propagated by concatenation and subsampling operations. For example, classification datasets use this functionality to manage class and task labels.

Thanks to DataAttributes, you can freely operate on your data (e.g. to manage a replay buffer) without losing class or task labels. This makes it easy to manage multi-task datasets or to balance datasets by class.

Transformations

Most datasets from the torchvision libraries (as well as datasets found "in the wild") allow for a transformation function to be passed to the dataset constructor. The support for transformations is not mandatory for a dataset, but it is quite common to support them. The transformation is used to process the X value of a data point before returning it. This is used to normalize values, apply augmentations, etcetera.

Next steps

With these notions in mind, you can start start your journey on understanding the functionalities offered by the AvalancheDatasets by going through the Mini How-Tos.

🤝 Run it on Google Colab

A Short Guide for Researchers on the Run

Avalanche is mostly about making the life of a continual learning researcher easier.

Below, you can see the main Avalanche modules and how they interact with each other.

What are the three pillars of any respectful continual learning research project?

1. Benchmarks: Machine learning researchers need multiple benchmarks with efficient data handling utils to design and prototype new algorithms. Quantitative results on ever-changing benchmarks has been one of the driving forces of Deep Learning.

2. Training: Efficient implementation and training of continual learning algorithms; comparisons with other baselines and state-of-the-art methods become fundamental to asses the quality of an original algorithmic proposal.

3. Evaluation: Training utils and Benchmarks are not enough alone to push continual learning research forward. Comprehensive and sound evaluation protocols and metrics need to be employed as well.

With Avalanche, you can find all these three fundamental pieces together and much more, in a single and coherent, well-maintained codebase.

Let's take a quick tour on how you can use Avalanche for your research projects with a 5-minutes guide, for researchers on the run!

Let's first install Avalanche. Please, check out our How to Install guide for further details.

!pip install avalanche-lib[all]
!pip show avalanche-lib

🏛️ General Architecture

Avalanche is organized in five main modules:

1. Benchmarks: This module maintains a uniform API for data handling: mostly generating a stream of data from one or more datasets. It contains all the major CL benchmarks (similar to what has been done for torchvision).

2. Training: This module provides all the necessary utilities concerning model training. This includes simple and efficient ways of implement new continual learning strategies as well as a set pre-implemented CL baselines and state-of-the-art algorithms you will be able to use for comparison!

3. Evaluation: This modules provides all the utilities and metrics that can help in evaluating a CL algorithm with respect to all the factors we believe to be important for a continually learning system.

4. Models: In this module you'll be able to find several model architectures and pre-trained models that can be used for your continual learning experiment (similar to what has been done in torchvision.models).

5. Logging: It includes advanced logging and plotting features, including native stdout, file and Tensorboard support (How cool it is to have a complete, interactive dashboard, tracking your experiment metrics in real-time with a single line of code?)

In the graphic below, you can see how Avalanche sub-modules are available and organized as well:

Avalanche
├── Benchmarks
│   ├── Classic
│   ├── Datasets
│   ├── Generators
│   ├── Scenarios
│   └── Utils
├── Evaluation
│   ├── Metrics
|   └── Utils
├── Training
│   ├── Strategies
│   ├── Plugins
|   └── Utils
├── Models
└── Loggers

We will learn more about each of them during this tutorial series, but keep in mind that the [Avalanche API documentation](https://avalanche-api.continualai.org/en/latest/) is your friend as well!

All right, let's start with the benchmarks module right away 👇

📚 Benchmarks

The benchmark module offers three main features:

1. Datasets: a comprehensive list of PyTorch Datasets ready to use (It includes all the Torchvision Datasets and more!).

2. Classic Benchmarks: a set of classic Continual Learning Benchmarks ready to be used (there can be multiple benchmarks based on a single dataset).

3. Generators: a set of functions you can use to generate your own benchmark starting from any PyTorch Dataset!

Datasets

Datasets can be imported in Avalanche as simply as:

from avalanche.benchmarks.datasets import MNIST, FashionMNIST, KMNIST, EMNIST, \
    QMNIST, FakeData, CocoCaptions, CocoDetection, LSUN, ImageNet, CIFAR10, \
    CIFAR100, STL10, SVHN, PhotoTour, SBU, Flickr8k, Flickr30k, VOCDetection, \
    VOCSegmentation, Cityscapes, SBDataset, USPS, HMDB51, UCF101, CelebA, \
    CORe50Dataset, TinyImagenet, CUB200, OpenLORIS, MiniImageNetDataset, \
    Stream51, CLEARDataset

Of course, you can use them as you would use any PyTorch Dataset.

Benchmarks Basics

The Avalanche benchmarks (instances of the Scenario class), contains several attributes that describe the benchmark. However, the most important ones are the train and test streams.

In Avalanche we often suppose to have access to these two parallel stream of data (even though some benchmarks may not provide such feature, but contain just a unique test set).

Each of these streams are iterable, indexable and sliceable objects that are composed of experiences. Experiences are batch of data (or "tasks") that can be provided with or without a specific task label.

Classic Benchmarks

Avalanche maintains a set of commonly used benchmarks built on top of one or multiple datasets.

from avalanche.benchmarks.classic import CORe50, SplitTinyImageNet, SplitCIFAR10, \
    SplitCIFAR100, SplitCIFAR110, SplitMNIST, RotatedMNIST, PermutedMNIST, SplitCUB200

# creating the benchmark (scenario object)
perm_mnist = PermutedMNIST(
    n_experiences=3,
    seed=1234,
)

# recovering the train and test streams
train_stream = perm_mnist.train_stream
test_stream = perm_mnist.test_stream

# iterating over the train stream
for experience in train_stream:
    print("Start of task ", experience.task_label)
    print('Classes in this task:', experience.classes_in_this_experience)

    # The current Pytorch training set can be easily recovered through the 
    # experience
    current_training_set = experience.dataset
    # ...as well as the task_label
    print('Task {}'.format(experience.task_label))
    print('This task contains', len(current_training_set), 'training examples')

    # we can recover the corresponding test experience in the test stream
    current_test_set = test_stream[experience.current_experience].dataset
    print('This task contains', len(current_test_set), 'test examples')

Benchmarks Generators

What if we want to create a new benchmark that is not present in the "Classic" ones? Well, in that case Avalanche offers a number of utilities that you can use to create your own benchmark with maximum flexibility: the benchmark generators!

The specific scenario generators are useful when starting from one or multiple PyTorch datasets and you want to create a "New Instances" or "New Classes" benchmark: i.e. it supports the easy and flexible creation of a Domain-Incremental, Class-Incremental or Task-Incremental scenarios among others.

from avalanche.benchmarks.generators import nc_benchmark, ni_benchmark
from torchvision.datasets import MNIST

mnist_train = MNIST('.', train=True, download=True)
mnist_test = MNIST('.', train=False)

benchmark = ni_benchmark(
    mnist_train, mnist_test, n_experiences=10, shuffle=True, seed=1234,
    balance_experiences=True
)
benchmark = nc_benchmark(
    mnist_train, mnist_test, n_experiences=10, shuffle=True, seed=1234,
    task_labels=False
)

Finally, if your ideal benchmark does not fit well in the aforementioned Domain-Incremental, Class-Incremental or Task-Incremental scenarios, you can always use our generic generators:

• filelist_benchmark

• paths_benchmark

• dataset_benchmark

• tensors_benchmark

from avalanche.benchmarks.generators import filelist_benchmark, dataset_benchmark, \
                                            tensors_benchmark, paths_benchmark